克氏原螯虾嗜水气单胞菌噬菌体的分离鉴定和应用

为分离获得致病性嗜水气单胞菌烈性噬菌体, 鉴定和研究其生物学特性, 为克氏原螯虾细菌性疾病的防治和治疗提供依据, 研究以患病克氏原螯虾分离到的致病性嗜水气单胞菌为宿主菌, 从湖泊水体中分离到多株噬菌体, 对其中一株烈性噬菌体Ph-0进行了生物学特性的分析, 包括噬菌斑形态的观察, 最佳感染复数的测定, 一步生长曲线的绘制, 热稳定性的测定等。结果显示, 噬菌体Ph-0的噬菌斑呈圆形, 边缘可见1 mm左右的半透明晕环; 其最佳感染复数为0.1 MOI; 一步生长曲线表明其潜伏期约20min, 裂解期持续约70min, 90min后为平台期; 噬菌体在0—40℃下活性无明显变化, 但是当温度高于50℃活性开始下降; 在pH 3—11的环境中活性良好, 具有耐酸耐碱的性质; 此外对紫外和氯仿极其敏感, 在处理数分钟后滴度下降明显。噬菌体治疗人工感染嗜水气单胞菌的克氏原螯虾试验结果表明, 分别采用注射和浸泡两种方法进行治疗, 保护率可分别达到66%和20%, 病理切片结果显示在使用噬菌体治疗之后, 克氏原螯虾的鳃、心脏和肝胰腺均得到不同效果的治疗, 总体效果良好。上述研究结果表明噬菌体Ph-0是一株裂解性较强, 裂解周期短的烈性噬菌体, 对感染嗜水气单胞菌的克氏原螯虾有一定的保护效果。     

SPONTANEOUS AND LIGHT-EVOKED DISCHARGE OF THE ISOLATED ABDOMINAL NERVE CORD OF CRAYFISH IN VITRO REVEALS CIRCADIAN OSCILLATIONS

We examined the well-known spontaneous discharge (SD) and lightevoked (PD) discharge of the crayfish caudal photoreceptor for the possible existence of a daily rhythm in spike frequency. To do this, we isolated the abdominal nerve cord in vitro and studied its discharge frequency in constant darkness. Single cosinor analysis revealed significant SD and PD circadian rhythms (P <. 05) with periods τ = 24.4h and 24.2h, respectively. These oscillations correspond to an endogenous circadian discharge of the caudal photoreceptor that is enhanced by light. The importance of this rhythm in the adaptive behavior of crayfish is discussed. (Chronobiology International, 18(5), 759–765, 2001)     

Detoxification enzymes of freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii fed a diet enriched in selenium: Preliminary results

This study aimed at investigating the extent of accumulation of selenium in the hepatopancreas of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and its effects on the enzymatic activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Crayfish were fed for 15 days either a diet enriched in Se, ED (1.21 mg kg^-1) or a standard diet, SD (0.30 mg kg^-1). Results showed that Se accumulation is higher in the sample subject to ED rather than to SD. A sexual difference was found for the response of the analyzed enzymes in the ED sample only. Catalase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity decreased in females and males, respectively, whereas glutathione reductase activity showed significant reductions in both sexes. These preliminary data might provide information about prooxidant effects of Se on P. clarkii when fed a Se enriched diet.     

Characterization of tetranucleotide microsatellites for Rio Grande cutthroat trout and rainbow trout,and their cross‐amplification in other cutthroat trout subspecies

We describe the isolation and characterization of 12 tetranucleotide microsatellites for Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and subsequently investigate their performance in Colorado River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus), greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias) and Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri). All 12 loci are polymorphic in all subspecies of O. clarkii examined.     

Shelter competition between resident male red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard) and conspecific intruders varying by sex and reproductive status

The shelter defense dynamics of reproductively active (Form I) male red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard) were investigated by staging serial intrusions by male, maternal or non-maternal female conspecifics after one day of residence. The male residents showed a direct contest advantage only against non-maternal females, and won a significantly higher proportion of the encounters against non-maternal females than against either male or maternal female intruders. However, there was no significant difference in success against male or maternal female intruders. Further experiments against male intruders showed that increasing male prior residence to either 2 or 4 days did not significantly improve the residents' proportion of successful encounters. A final experiment revealed extremely low shelter fidelity in male P. clarkii, the most likely reason why male shelter defense against conspecific males and maternal females is not successful. These results, combined with those of past research, suggest that non-maternal females, juveniles and recently molted conspecifics are most vulnerable to predation and cannibalism, since males and maternal females easily out-compete non-maternal females for shelter, and adults out-compete juveniles. These findings may have implications for P. clarkii aquaculture and general management.     

克氏螯虾虾壳制备氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐的工艺研究

研究了以克氏螯虾壳为原料制备氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐 (GAH)的工艺条件 :酸水解液为 10mol·L-1HCl,85～ 92℃水解 5～ 6h ;甲壳素∶酸水解液为 3∶5。GAH产率为甲壳素的 5 2 %～ 5 5 %。GAH纯度 :99%～ 10 0 .5 %。     

The influence of environmental factors on abundance and prevalence of a commensal ostracod hosted by an invasive crayfish: are ‘parasite rules’ relevant to non‐parasitic symbionts?

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Seasonal movements of crayfish in a fluctuating wetland: implications for restoring wading bird populations

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Genetic Variability in European Populations of an Invasive American Crayfish: Preliminary Results

Since 1973, the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, native to south-central United States and northeastern Mexico, has spread throughout Europe. Here, we surveyed the genetic variability of five European populations of the species using RAPD markers. Genetic variation was found to be so high as to uniquely fingerprint most of the surveyed individuals. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of the RAPD markers showed that 1) a large part of the genetic variation can be attributed to the differentiation among localities, and 2) the differentiation was mainly due to the separation of the samples from Louisiana with respect to the European set. A hypothesis emerged in which subsequent introductions of crayfish from different sources were performed. This hypothesis might explain the high genetic diversity observed within each population and the genetic differentiation among populations, as the result, respectively, of the introduction of different sets of crayfish and the casual bias of introductions. Although preliminary, our results suggest that RAPDs could be helpful in providing information about human-mediated introduced populations.     

Morphometric analysis of interspecific and microgeographic variation of crayfish from a Mexican cave

Two undescribed species of Procambarus crayfish (Crustacea, Decapoda) inhabit the subterranean stream running in the recently explored Cueva de Los Camarones, Chiapas, Mexico. Individuals ranging from dark, robust, large-eyed forms with an epigean mien to pale, comparatively slender, microphthalmic ones resembling related troglobites were found, but only the extremes could be distinguished visually. Evolutionary relationships among individuals were investigated morphometrically by means of multivariate analysis'on 14 body dimensions. These analyses revealed a significant discontinuity between the two species, mainly determined by the shape of the rostrum, chelae and telson. The occurrence of a few aberrant phenotypes may indicate the existence of some gene flow between the two species.
Microgeographic variation was demonstrated within the less cavernicolous species. The characters involved were the same as those that discriminate between the two species. These results are compared with allozymic data presented in a parallel paper and the role of genie introgression and environmental induction are discussed.